Which of the following flavors is common in black beer?

Black beers, such as stouts and porters, often have deep roast profiles that contribute a variety of flavors due to the use of dark malts. Coffee is a prominent flavor found in many of these styles, as the roasted malts can create rich, complex notes that resemble coffee. The brewing process, which focuses on darker, heavily roasted grains, enhances these coffee-like characteristics, often manifested as a smooth, rich flavor profile that balances the beer's sweetness with a slight bitterness.

Flavors like caramel can also be present in some dark beers, particularly from the malt sweetness; however, this is more common in amber or brown beers than in black beers where the roastiness usually takes precedence. Similarly, while chocolate is indeed a frequent flavor in stouts and porters, it tends to complement the coffee notes rather than serve as the more distinct flavor attributed to black beers. Citrus flavors, on the other hand, are typically associated with lighter ales, particularly those using hops known for their fruity characteristics and are not found in the flavor profiles of black beers.